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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

Environment	Ecology
The surrounding that affects in a specific way the functioning of the organism or influence their growth is called Environment	Ecology is the study of living organisms (plants, animals & microorganisms) with their specific environment.
Environment is the physical and biological factors along with their chemical interactions that affect an organism or a group of organisms.	The climatic, topographic, edaphic and biotic factors/ environment in which an organism live is ecology
The scientists those study environment is known as Environmentalist	The scientists those study environment is known as Ecologist

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SUMMARY OF DISEASES CAUSED BY BASIDIOMYCETES FUNGI

DISEASES CAUSED BY BASIDIOMYCETES FUNGI

DISEASES CAUSED BY BASIDIOMYCETES

S.No	NAME OF DISEASE	HOST	CAUSAL ORGANISM	NATURE OF DISEASE
1.	Loose Smut	Wheat	Ustilago tritici	Air borne
2	Covered smut	Barley	Ustilago hordei	Seed borne
3	Whip smut	Sugar-cane	Ustilago scitaminea	Air Borne and Seed borne
4	Loose Smut	Barley	Ustilago nuda	Air Borne and Seed borne
5	Loose Smut	Oat	Ustilago avenae	Air Borne
6	Covered Smut	Oat	Ustilago kolleri	Seed Borne
7	Maize Smut	Maize	Ustilago maydis	Air Borne and Seed borne
8	Grain Smut	Sorghum (Jawar)	Sphacelotheca sorghi	Seed borne (External)
9	Loose Smut	Sorghum (Jawar)	Sphacelotheca cruenta	Seed borne (External)
10	Head Smut	Sorghum & Corn	Sphacelotheca reiliana	Soil borne
11	Loose Smut	Sorghum	Tolyposporium ehrenbergii	Air borne
12	Smut	Pennisetum (bajra)	Tolyposporium penicillariae	Air borne
13	Bunt	Rice	Nevossia horrida	Air borne
14	Karnal Bunt	Wheat	Tilletia earies	Seed Borne
15	Leaf Smut	Rice	Entyloma oryzae	Air borne
16	Flag Smut	Wheat	Utrocystis tritici	Seed borne (External)
17	Smut	Millet	Ustilago crameri	Seed borne
18	Smut	Onion	Urocystis cepulae	Soil borne
19	White Smut	Spinach	Entyloma ellisii	Air borne
20	Smut	Rye	Urocystis occulia	Soil borne
21	Rust	Linseed	Malamspora lini	Air borne
22	Rust	Gram	Uromyces cicer- arietini	Air borne
23	Rust	Peas & lentil	Uromyces fabae	Air borne
24	Black or Stem Rust	Wheat & Barberry	Puccinia glumarum	Air borne
25	Leaf or Stripe rust	wheat	Puccinia glumarum	Air borne
26	Leaf or Orange rust	Wheat & Thallictrum	Puccinia triticiba (P.rubigo-vera)	Air borne
27	Witches brown	Fir & Spruce	Melampsorella elatina	Air borne
28	Rust	Bean	Uromyces appendiculatus	Air borne
29	Rust	Carnation	Uromyces coryophyllinus	Air borne
30	Crown Rust	Oats	Puccinia coronata	Air borne
31	Rust	Hollyhock	Puccinia malvacearum	Air borne
32	Rust	Corn	Puccinia sorghi	Air borne
33	Leaf Rust	Coffee	Hemilieia vastarix	Air borne
34	Blister rust	Pine & Currants	Cronortium ribicola	Air borne
35	Rust	Fig	Physopella fici	Air borne
36	Rust	Grapes	Phakospora vitis	Air borne
37	Rust	Rose	Phragmidium spp	Air borne
38	Leaf rust	Sugar-cane	Puccinia sacchari	Air borne
39	Mushroom root Rot	Fruit & Forest trees	Asmillaria mellea	Soil borne
40	Wood rot	Forest trees	Fomes igniarius	Soil borne
41	Stem rot	Fruit trees	Corticium vagum	Soil borne
42	Wood rots	Road side trees	Ganoderma spp	Soil borne

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

Wednesday, January 27, 2016

Tinea Ungium- Advances in Mycology and Pathology

Tinea Ungium

Synonyms

                         Dermatophyte onchomycosis or Onchomycosis      

Introduction, History and Epidemiology

            Tinea ungium is commonly known as onchomycosis. The fungus majorly infects fungi. Tinea ungium represents about 30% of all dermatophyte infections and accounts for 18-40% of nail disorders. The most common causative pathogens are T.rubrum, T.mentagrophytes, E.floccosum.

Toxicity

            It caused infection of nail, thickened nails, discoloured and brittle nails. The destruction of tissues under nails may also occur.

Diagnosis

            Tinea ungium is diagnosed relatively easily made on the basis of clinical symptoms and direct microscopic findings

Treatment

            Tinea ungium can be treated as:

1. Removal of skin scalp aspectically.
2. Tissues (weaping) should be treated.
3. Antifungal like:
   Chlorinmazole and Myconazole are used on the surface of the skin. Oral administration like Grineofulin, Itraconazole and Terbinafine are used
    

   

Tinea Crusis - Advances in Mycology & Pathalogy

Tinea Crusis

Synonyms

            Crotch itch, Crotch rot, Dhobi itch, Eczema marginatum, Gym itch, Jock itch, Jock rot, Scrot rot and Ringworm of the groin

Introduction

            Tinea crusis also known as jock itch is a dermatophyte fungal infection. It is more often seen in males. It cause itching or burning sensation in the groin are. Affected areas may appear red, brown with flaking, rippling, peeling or cracking skinn. The type of fungus involved is usually involved is Tricophyton rubrum andE. floccosum.

Diagnosis

            The diagnosis of the Tinea crusis is confirmed by microscopy and culture of skin scrapings.

Treatment

            Tinea crusis is best treated with topical antifungal medications of all allylamine or azole type. If unsuccessful oral antifungal medicines may be considered including terbinafine and itraconazole.

Prevention

Medical professional suggest keeping the groin area clean and dry after bathing. Other recommendations are:

1. Not share clothes or towels with others.
2. Showering immediately after athletic activities.
3. Avoiding tight-fitting clothes ;and
4. Use antifungal powders

Tinea capitis - Advances in Mycolgy and Pathology

Tinea Capitis

Synonyms

            Herpes tonsurans, Ringworm of the hair, Ringworm of the scalp, Scalp ringworm and the Tinea tonsurans.

Introduction

            Tinea capitis is commonly known as scalp ring worm is area specific. It is most commonly due to the Tricophyton torsurans and Microsporum spp. Tinea capitis is usually found in United States. They have head hair like scales.

Diagnosis

            The methods for the diagnosis of Tinea capitis are:

1. KOH preparation
2. Fungal Culture

Treatment

            The treatment includes:

1. First Line therapy.
2. Antifungal.

Commonly imidazoles are used which include clotrimazole, ecomazole, micronazole and sulconazole.

In USA the character of the Tricophyton torsurance is florescence under the long UV light and short UV light (700nm- 260nm) are used for treatment.

Tinea pedis- Advances in Mycology and Pathology

Tinea pedis

Synonyms

                Ring worm of foot or Moccasin foot

Introduction, History and Epidemiology

            Tinea pedis or athlete’s foot is a foot infection caused by fungus. It infects the foot especially in toes. Tinea pedis was first time reported by Whitfield in 1908.

Distribution

            Tinea pedis is common in South-East Asia and in parts of Africa and Australia. The disease is more common in adults and is found around the world affecting both sexes i.e. males and females.

Pathogenesis

            Tinea pedis is thought to be world’s most common dermatophytosis. The prevalence of the Tinea pedis increases with age. The presentation of the Tinea pedis increases with age.  The presentation of the Tinea pedis is dependent on the host’s immune system snd the infecting dermatophyte. All the three generaE.floccosum, Triphyton spp and Microsporum spp are involved in this disease.This disease is also known as ring worm disease because of ring worm structure. Pathogen is active at the site of ringworm. It is common in body where hairs are not present.

Diagnosis

            Tinea pedis affects all ages but more common in adults than in children. The diagnosis of Tinea pedis is confirmed by microscopy and culture of skin scrapings.

Treatments

            Tenia pedis is usually treated with topical antifungal agents but if the treatment is unsuccessful oral antifungal medicines may be considered including terbinafine and triconazole.

Prevention

            The prevention against Tenia pedis should be done. These preventions are:

1. Keep your feet dry and clean.
2. Wear shoes in public places.

DIFFRENCE BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY

ENVIRONMENT V/S ECOLOGY

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

Environment	Ecology
The surrounding that affects in a specific way the functioning of the organism or influence their growth is called Environment	Ecology is the study of living organisms (plants, animals & microorganisms) with their specific environment.
Environment is the physical and biologicalfactors along with their chemical interactionsthat affect an organism or a group of organisms.	The climatic, topographic, edaphic and bioticfactors/ environment in which an organism live is ecology
The scientists those study environment is known as Environmentalist	The scientists those study environment is known as Ecologist